Microbial Bioactives
Microbial Bioactives | Online ISSN 2209-2161
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Volume 9 Number 1 2026
REVIEWS (Open Access)
Oral Microbial Dysbiosis and Systemic Disease: Insights from Antimicrobial Peptides, Nanoparticle-Based Therapies, and Microbial Translocation
Md. Hasibul Hasan1, Sabbir Ahmed1, Akib Bin Rahman2, Md Kamal Hossain Ripon1*
Microbial Bioactives 9 (1) 1-15 https://doi.org/10.25163/microbbioacts.9110615
Submitted: 07 November 2025 Revised: 04 February 2026 Accepted: 10 February 2026 Published: 12 February 2026
Abstract
Microbial communities inhabiting the human body play a crucial role in maintaining physiological balance, yet disturbances in these ecosystems can contribute to disease development. The oral microbiome, one of the most diverse microbial environments in the human body, exists in a dynamic equilibrium where commensal microorganisms coexist with potentially pathogenic species. When this balance is disrupted, oral dysbiosis may emerge, promoting chronic inflammation and facilitating microbial translocation to distant organs. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on the relationship between oral microbial dysbiosis, systemic disease risk, and emerging antimicrobial strategies. Across the analyzed literature, biofilm formation and polymicrobial interactions appear central to the persistence of pathogenic communities and the progression of inflammatory conditions. Quantitative analyses demonstrate significant associations between dysbiotic oral microbiota and systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disorders. Mechanistic evidence suggests that microbial dissemination through hematogenous or enteral pathways may trigger systemic immune responses through inflammatory mediators and Toll-like receptor signaling. In addition to examining disease associations, this review evaluates emerging antimicrobial approaches aimed at controlling dysbiotic microbial populations. Comparative antimicrobial data indicate that the peptide SQQ30 exhibits potent inhibitory activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, often outperforming conventional antibiotics in minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Furthermore, plant-mediated silver nanoparticles demonstrate measurable antibacterial activity against environmental bacterial strains, highlighting the potential of nanotechnology-based antimicrobial systems. Collectively, these findings emphasize the systemic implications of oral microbial dysbiosis and the importance of developing innovative antimicrobial strategies capable of disrupting resilient microbial biofilms. Integrating microbiome research with peptide-based and nanoparticle-mediated therapies may provide promising avenues for restoring microbial balance and reducing the burden of inflammation-driven diseases.
Keywords: Microbial dynamics; Oral microbiome; Dysbiosis; Biofilms; Polymicrobial synergy; Immune modulation; Microbiome-targeted therapy; Silver nanoparticles; Antimicrobial peptides
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